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Assignment sample solution of ITC540 - Database Design and Management

Q.1: What is normalization in database design, and why is it important?

Q.2: Explain the difference between primary keys, foreign keys, and unique keys in a relational database.

Question 3: What is an SQL JOIN, and how is it used in querying data from multiple tables?

 

 

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Programing Assignment Sample

Q1:

Answer :

Normalization is a systematic approach to organizing data in a database to reduce redundancy and improve data integrity. It involves dividing tables into smaller, related tables and defining relationships between them. Normalization is achieved through forms like 1NF, 2NF, and 3NF. For example, separating customer details from order data avoids duplicate entries. This process ensures efficient data storage, simplifies updates, and minimizes inconsistencies. Normalization is critical for maintaining a structured and scalable database, especially in large applications where data redundancy can cause performance issues and inaccuracies.

Q1:

Answer :

A primary key uniquely identifies each record in a table and cannot contain null values. For example, in a Customers table, the CustomerID serves as the primary key. A foreign key establishes a relationship between two tables by referencing the primary key of another table.

For instance, OrderID in an Orders table might reference the CustomerID in the Customers table. A unique key also ensures uniqueness but allows one null value, unlike the primary key. Together, these keys maintain relational integrity and facilitate efficient database queries.

Q1:

Answer :

An SQL JOIN combines rows from two or more tables based on a related column. Common types include INNER JOIN, LEFT JOIN, RIGHT JOIN, and FULL JOIN. For example:

SELECT Customers.Name, Orders.OrderID
FROM Customers
INNER JOIN Orders
ON Customers.CustomerID = Orders.CustomerID;
This query retrieves customer names and their respective order IDs by matching the CustomerID in both tables. JOINs are crucial for retrieving data from normalized databases, enabling complex queries across multiple related tables.